QA Palampur

 Question and Answers 

Q.Explain the term physical capital. Mention its different types with examples.  
Answer: 
Physical capital is the capital that is further used in the production of more goods such as tools, 
equipments, machines and raw materials. 
The two types physical capital are: 
1. Fixed Capital. It is that capital which can be used over and over again. This capital lasts for a longer time such as machines and tools. 
2. Working Capital. It consists of those goods that are used up in the process of production such as raw materials and money.

Q. What is the aim of production? State any four requirements for production.  
Answer: 
The aim of production is to generate income for those people who are involved in the production of goods and services. 
The four requirements for production are: 
1. Land. It is a first requirement of production. No activity can take place in the absence of land and it is the basis of all human activities. 
2. Labour. The second requirement is labour, i.e., people who do the work. Some activities require educated and skilled labour to perform the necessary tasks and others require workers who can do the manual work. 
3. Physical capital. The third requirement is physical capital. There are variety of inputs like machines, 
tools, raw materials and money required at every stage of production. It includes fixed capital and working capital. . 
4. Human capital. It is the knowledge and enterprise to be able to put together land, labour and physical capital to produce an output either to use for themselves or to sell in the market. 

Q. Is Palampur a well developed village? Explain with suitable reasons. 
Answer 
Yes, Palampur is a developed village because of the following reasons. 
1) Most of the houses have electric connections. Electricity powers the tube wells and also used for the small businesses done by the people in the village. 
2) The villagers have adopted the well developed system of irrigation. They set up tubewell in their field. 
3) Palampur has two primary schools and one high school.  
4) There is a primary health center run by the state government and also one private dispensary. 
5) Transport is well developed in Palampur. The villagers transport their goods to other towns and cities. Many kinds of transport can be seen on the roads such as tongas, bullock carts, bogeys loaded with jaggery, jeeps, trucks, tractors etc.  
6) Palampur has good network of roads. An all weather road connects to Raiganj and further on to the nearest small town Shahpur.


Q. Describe any three sources of irrigation in Palampur.
Answer:
• Persian wheel is the main source of irrigation in Palampur.
• Well is also a source of irrigation.
• Tubewells are also important sources of irrigation. These are run by electric supply.

Q. How many crops are grown by the farmers in Palampur? How are they able to grow these different crops in a year?
Answer:
(i) The farmers in Palampur grow jowar and bajra during the rainy season, potato between October and December and wheat in the winter season.
(ii) (a) There is the well-developed system of irrigation in Palampur that enables the farmers there to grow three different crops in a year.
(b) Electricity came early to Palampur. Its major impact was to transform the system of irrigation in the village.
(c) By mid-1970s, the entire area of 200 hectares was irrigated.
(d) Modern farming methods and the Green Revolution introduced HYV seeds.

Q. Why was the initial impact of Green Revolution limited to wheat and only to a few regions?
Answer:
• It was limited to wheat because HYV seeds were available only for wheat.
• Its impact was limited only to few regions as the HYV seeds need higher inputs which only the rich farmers can afford.
• HYV seeds need assured means of irrigation which were available only in northern parts of India.

Q. How are traditional seeds different from HYV seeds?
Answer:

HYV Seeds 
(i) HYV seeds produce more output per hectare.
(ii) HYV seeds need irrigation. 
(iii) HYV seeds need modern inputs like fertilizers, pesticides etc. which are farmers have to purchase.

(I) Traditional seeds produce less output per hectare.
(ii) Traditional seeds needed less irrigation.

(iii) Traditional seeds needed inputs which were readily available with the farmers who did not have to buy these from the market.

Q. Farmers of which two states were the first to use modem farming methods in India? Mention any four positive effects of it.
Answer:
(i) The farmers of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh were the first to use modem farming methods in India.
(ii) (a) Modern farming methods increased the productivity of land.
(b) It increases foodgrain production in the country.
(c) It brought the Green Revolution in the 1960s which resulted in high increase in the production of cereal grains, particularly, wheat and rice.
(d) It has played a very important role in food security.
(e) It has led to growth of agro-based industries.

Q. What problems do farm labourers face in terms of unemployment? Explain any three problems. 
Answer:
Problems of Farm Labourers:
• They come either from landless families or families cultivating small plots of land.
• They do not have a right over the crops grown on the land.
• They got wages in cash or in kind.
• Wages vary widely from region to region and from crop-to-crop etc.
• Wide variation in the duration of employment was also seen.

Q. Mention any four characteristics of an entrepreneur or human capital as a factor of production.
Answer:
• It is a factor of production which combines or arranges all the factors of production to produce.
• It is an active factor of production.
• It produces goods and services for self-consumption or to sell in the market.
• It is the most important factor of production.

Q. Describe any three features of small-scale manufacturing as a non-farm activity in Palampur.
Answer:
• Less than 50 people are engaged in manufacturing in Palampur.
• Manufacturing in Palampur involves very simple production methods and are done on a small-scale.
• Manufacturing activities are carried out mostly at home or in the fields with the help of family labour. Labourers are hired rarely.

Q. How do the medium and large farmers make their own savings and how do they utilize it? Explain.
Answer:
The medium and large farmers have surplus production even after keeping a substantial part for their own family needs. They sell it in the market and have good earnings and save it in their bank accounts. They utilize their savings:
• By lending to small farmers who are in need of a loan.
• As working capital for farming in the next season.
• As fixed capital for buying tractors etc.

Q. Describe the role of the farmers after the crops are harvested and production is complete.
Answer:
Role of the Farmer:
• The farmers retain a part of the crop for their family consumption and sell the surplus in the market.
• The small farmers grow the crops just to fulfil the needs of the family. So, they do not have any surplus to sell in the market.
• The big farmers make big earnings by selling main crops in the market.
• They sell the crops and earn huge profit on them.

Q. Give advantages and disadvantages of the Green Revolution.
Answer:

Advantages / Merits of Green Revolution:
• The HYV seeds produce much greater amount of grains in comparison to the normal seeds.
• It has increased the production on the same pieces of land which produces large quantities of food grains than it was produced earlier.
Disadvantages / Demerits of Green Revolution:
• Poor farmers are unable to afford HYV seeds, fertilizers and machineries.
• This may lead to an end with large debts.

• HYV seeds need more fertilizers and water and they are expensive.
• Since Green Revolution introduced new machineries, it led to the replacement of labour, and further leading to unemployment and rural-urban migration.
• It was limited to rice and wheat only.

Q. Describe the  non-farm production activities practised in Palampur.
Answer:
The non-farm activities practised in Palampur are:
1. Dairy farming. People in Palampur rear buffaloes. They feed them on different types of grass, jowar and bajra. Milk is sold in nearby villages. Some people also set up collection and chilling centres from where milk is transported to the nearby cities and towns.
2. Small-scale manufacturing. This involves simple production methods and are done on small scale. These are carried out at home with family members as labourers. The labourers are rarely hired for these activities.
3. Shopkeeping. Shopkeepers in Palampur buy goods from wholesale markets in the cities and sell them in the village. Small stores sell a wide range of products like rice, wheat, sugar, oil and some clothes. Some people who have shops near the bus stop use them to sell eatables.
4. Transport. There are different means of transport in Palampur like rickshaws, tongas, trucks, jeeps and tractors. These means of transport are used to transport goods and people from village to cities and the people get paid for this.
5. Self-employed. Some people have opened computer training centres, stitching centres etc. to obtain more profits and to train more people for better opportunities in life.

Q Modern farming methods require more input which are manufactured in industry? Do you agree?

Ans: Yes, it is true that modern farming methods require inputs which are manufactured in industry. e.g

1. HYV seeds, pesticides, insecticides, and chemical fertilizers needed increasing the yield per hectare are all manufactured industries.

2. Farmers use farm machinery like tractors, threshers, and also combined harvesters which are also manufactured in industries.

3. Tube wells equipment and water pumps used for irrigation are also manufactured in industries.

Q. How did the spread of electricity help farmers in Palampur?

Ans: 1. Most of the houses in Palampur have electric connections.

2. Electricity powers all the tube well in the fields that help irrigate much larger areas of land more effectively as compared to traditional Persian wheel drawn by bullocks. Since the entire cultivated area of 200 hectares had come under irrigation farmers did not have to depend on rainfall and could grow multiple crops.

3. It helps small businesses run their machinery like Mishrilal’s sugarcane crushing.

Q. It is important to increase the area under irrigation. Why?

Ans: Yes, it is important to increase the area under irrigation because 

1 water is very essential for agriculture.

2 In India, the rainfall is unevenly distributed in the country.

3 if rainfall is less, then production will be low, and they will only be able to grow one crop in a season.

4 With good irrigation it will be possible to do multiple cropping, helping to increase the yield per hectare.  

Q. What are the different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land? Use examples to explain. 

Ans. Multiple cropping an use of modern farming methods are two different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land e.g

1. Multiple cropping: When more than one crop is grown on a piece of land during the year it is known as multiple cropping.

a. It is the most common way to increase production on a given piece of land.

b. All farmers in Palampur grow at least two main crops, and many are growing potato as the third crop.

2. Use of modern farming method: Modern farming methods also help to increase the yield per hectare

a. Farmers of Punjab and Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh were the first to try these methods.

b. The farmers in this region set up tube wells for irrigation and made use of HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers and pesticides in farming.

c. Some also used farm machinery like tractors, threshers, which made ploughing and harvesting faster